Sexuality in Literature Essay - 2653 Words

Sexuality has always an issue of conflict and debate. Who controls sexuality, and is male and female sexuality really distinguishable. People have always been having sex; for reproduction and for pleasure. Even though it is a women’s and a man’s rightful claim to this intercourse women tend to feel as if sexuality is against them. This would also be contingent on the type on society one lives in. In some societies the mere topic of sex is tabooed and the subject is not confronted with clarity, meanwhile in other societies it is encouraged, praised, and advocated to speak about it openly. Sexuality in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood was one that was tabooed and against the strict, empowering rules of the Gilead state. Sex was†¦show more content†¦I remember the rules, rules that were never spelled out but that every woman knew; don’t open your door to a stranger, even if he is the police. Make him slide his ID under the door. Don’t stop on the road to help a motorist pretending to be in trouble. Keep the locks on and keep going. If anyone whistles, don’t turn to look. Don’t go into a laundromat, by yourself; at night ... Women were not protected then.(p. 24). For the rulers of Gilead the exchange of security is for the women to sacrifice everything in their lives. To step down from the roles they had once taken and enjoyed. From the freedom they had exercised where they made their own decisions whether right or wrong it was up to them and they faced the consequences. They were stripped down from their identities because before the revolution they were used and abused for their sexuality. But women had already been going through a lot before the Sons took over There were stories in the newspapers... but they were about other women, and the men who did such things were other men. None of them were the men we knew. The newspaper stories were like dreams to us, bad dreams dreamt by others.(p.53) The rulers and Aunts of Gilead catechize and brainwash the women by telling them that they were not respected or upheld in the society before because their bodies were used as commodities and women always felt unsafeShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening: Sexuality in Nineteenth Century Literature Essay example1176 Words   |  5 Pagescontent (Vieth, 2). Our society has become so immune to the representation of sex that, for the most part, it goes unnoticed. Although concerns regarding sexuality still remain, societys tolerance level has changed dramatically over time. The history of attitudes toward sex and sexuality is a cultural process that can be seen through the literature of an era. The Awakening was the first piece of American fiction to blatantly attack the nineteenth century notion that marriage, emotional intimacy andRead MoreLiterary Review of Sexuality and Gender in Science Fiction Literature3057 Words   |  13 PagesLiterary Review My argument is that SF literature offers a utopian hope for the future where individual differences are no longer criticized. To conduct this literature review I used multiple information sources to examine issues of gender and sexuality within science fiction literature. None of these sources claim to have produced a conclusive work on the interpretation of gender and sexuality in SF. Some of what I have read seems to be a general overview while some is more focused, but everythingRead MoreWhat Is The State Of The Conceptual And Content-Based Literature881 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the state of the conceptual and content-based literature related to your research question: Does where an adolescent live affect the sexuality education they receive in school? How does this literature help you approach this question? What deficiencies exist in the literature that remain to be addressed, ideally by your research? When considering the geography of sexuality education, the reason the school district chose the curriculum it does was complex. There were seven reasons that IRead MorePortrayal Of African American Women1538 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American female sexuality. They are informed by historical experience and imagery therefore black women are perceived to be alluring and seductive with an uncontrollable sexual appetite. The characterization of African American women as a promiscuous Jezebels reaffirm society s belief that African American women are less individualistic. Is it possible for black women to express sexuality while not conforming to stereotypes? In an attempt to redefine black sexuality, black female artists reclaimRead MoreSexuality And Its Effect On Adolescent Life1601 Words   |  7 PagesA. Introduction Understanding about sexuality is very important in maintaining healthy sexual behavior. Limited understanding about sexuality will give negative effects on young adolescent life. There are several implications that are related with low of sexuality comprehension among young adolescent (1). One of the most important implication is that risk of infected by sexual transmitted infection through a risky sexual behavior. Adolescent are considered as an innocent and curious phase of humanRead MoreSexuality, Obscenity, Community : Women, Muslims And The Hindu Public1475 Words   |  6 PagesWord Count: 1473 Gupta, Charu. 2001. Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu Public in Colonial India. Delhi: Permanent Black Charu Gupta’s work, ‘Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu Public in Colonial India’, published in 2001, provides an enlightening view on themes including gender, sexuality and religion, all in the context of the British Colonialism and the rise of the Hindu nationalist ideology. In the second chapter, ‘Redefining obscenityRead MoreConflicting Paradigms On Gender And Sexuality1453 Words   |  6 PagesAriella Melamed Professor Salerno SYG 1000 September 30th, 2016 Conflicting Paradigms on Gender and Sexuality in Rap Music: Review Introduction: The article I am researching and analyzing is â€Å"Conflicting Paradigms on Gender and Sexuality in Rap Music: A Systematic Review† written by Denise Herd. This article was published in the academic journal â€Å"Sexuality and Culture†, on July 1st, 2000. This article is centered around rap music with its social and cultural significance for youth audiences, allRead More Victorian Sexuality in Stoker’s Dracula, LeFanu’s Carmilla, and Polidori’s Vampyre1687 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian Sexuality in Stoker’s Dracula, LeFanu’s Carmilla, and Polidori’s Vampyre Literature is representative of the time in which it is produced. Literature can reflect societal views, attitudes, and fears.Vampire literature, in particular, often represents the fears of a society.In the Victorian Era, a time of intense sexual repression, it was common for vampire stories to reflect the fear of sexuality that was rampant in society. Bram Stoker’s Dracula illustrated fears about sexualRead MoreThe Discipline Of American Studies Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach focusing both on the retelling of queer narratives in Latinx literature and heteronormative ideology directly links to disciplinary foundations of literary theory, social identity, and cultural conditions demonstrated both in the fields English and American Studies. One specific area of disciplinary focus has been identity emergence and its connection to dominant ideology. Attention to identity emergence in literature has increased in recent decades, especially as Lesbian, Gay, BisexualRead MoreA Vampire’s Touch: Exploring Sexual Nature in Dracula926 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan and Sexuality Jonathan Harker, Mina Murray’s fiancà ©, represents a typical human dealing with sexual desires. He knows for certain that he wants to marry and spend the rest of his life with Mina but still struggles with natural, sexual urges. The reader clearly detects Jonathan’s struggle when he encounters the three vampire ladies in Dracula’s castle. As he lies there, Jonathan feels â€Å"an agony of delightful anticipation,† and also describes one of the ladies as having â€Å"a deliberate voluptuousness

Racial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs - 1342 Words

Many People think of racial profiling as relatively recent phenomena that manifested in the 1980s, as the news of Blacks being pulled over for â€Å"driving while black† began making national headlines. Racial Profiling is a new term for action against black people that, dates back 300 years and is a not relatively recent manifestation of discriminatory conduct by police and the criminal justice system which dates back to the 1700s in the United States for people of African descent. Many equate the war on drugs as the beginning of the use of the term â€Å"racial profiling.† The war on drugs gained momentum in the 1980s, with the introduction of crack cocaine into black communities. Thus the most recent incarnation of the â€Å"Racial Profiling† began†¦show more content†¦Trump). Regan s election reflected how people were looking for a new sheriff. What better sheriff than an admired actor who played a kick a** cowboy on the silver screen. Reagan embodie d like (Trump) what many African Americans considered is a mainstream push back and reaction to the counter culture of the 1960s and 19770s that established civil rights for people of color(5). Part of the change in cultural attitudes during the Regan era subsequent for President was a got tough on drug laws. With the brunt of Reagan’s new sheriff in town tactics of drug sweeps and over policing falling squarely on the shoulders of poor African American communities. Accompanied by gross disparities of racial profiling and unfair treatment in the criminal justice system that can have been traced to a decades-long differential treatment of African Americans and other people of color (5). Regan s passage of â€Å"just say no programs and propaganda† and â€Å"the war on drugs laws† and that focus on stopping drugs use and sales via harsh sentencing. Legislation that included three-strikes laws, and mandatory minimum sentencing for drug possession. Former President s Reagan, the Bushes’ and Bill Clinton laws government imposed racial projects of profiling cast new forms of racial control on blacks reminiscent of the days of slavery and Jim Crow from the 1700’s. The only difference in the 20th century is there are no lynching mobs and convictShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesas I can remember, there have always been numerous instances of civil injustices being committed against African American drivers stemming all the way back to the Rodney King Incident in 1991 to as recently as 2015 when a woman was wrongfully arrested in Texas for driving while black. Many people would argue that it is the war on drugs that has caused law enforcement to continually abuse their power, but in actuality the war on drugs is not even specifically targeting narcotics anymore, the governmentRead MoreRacial Profiling And Violates Human Rights Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesIs Racial Profiling J usticiable Under Certain Circumstances? Racial profiling has been a longstanding argument in law enforcement practices for a number of years in American society. Often it divides and alienates communities from law enforcements while hindering police efforts to control crimes and protect civilians. Many civil right groups argue that racial profiling is ineffective and violates human rights. However after September 11th, it appears that the practice has become much more prominentRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or nationa l origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MoreRacial Profiling And Racial Segregation1255 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of racial profiling is one of the most pressing issues facing the contemporary society of America. Historically, law enforcement has a heritage of racially motivated legislation - from slave codes, black codes, to other oppressive practices targeted at the populations of minorities. The present-day relationship between minorities and the police has been consequently influenced by such historical trends of discrimination. Recent events reflect the policing strategy of racial profiling where minoritiesRead MoreJust Say No Programs And The War On Drugs Laws1375 Words   |  6 PagesRegan s passage of â€Å"just say no programs† and â€Å"the war on drugs laws† and the laws focus on stopping drugs use and sales via harsh sentencing laws, that included three-strikes laws, and mandatory minimum sentencing statute. Reagan and Bushes’ laws and g overnmental racial projects of racial profiling cast new forms of racial control on blacks reminiscent of the days of slavery as the focal point of Regan’s implementation of the â€Å"war on drug laws† centered in poor urban black neighborhoods strippedRead MoreRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Must Stop Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages The great era of civil rights started in the 1960s, with Martin Luther King, Jr.s stirring I have a Dream speech at the historic march on Washington in August of 1963. At the same time Birmingham Police Commissioner Bull Connor used powerful fire hoses and vicious police attack dogs against nonviolent black civil rights activists. Although these years proved to be the highlight and downfall of civil rights in America, even with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act beingRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages    There are many types of racism in America that cause people to make accusations against law enforcement for discrimination. One type of racism is racial profiling. It is a strategy that encourages police officers to stop and question minorities only because of their race. It takes place in a variety of routine police encounters. Unmotivated searches occur everyday among the minority groups. Could you imagine waking up and being scared to walk outside your house because of the color ofRead MoreRacial Profiling : The National Institute Of Justice Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages Racial Profiling in U.S History Selyna Copeland Professor Dora Leal Social Science 180 10 November, 2016 The National Institute of Justice (â€Å"Racial Profiling†) stated that racial profiling, which is a form of discrimination, racism, and stereotypes is when law enforcement, based on a person’s race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion targets a person for suspicion of crimes. Today people can turn on their television, go online, and even listen to their radios and they will hear aboutRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pulling

Law, Culture And Language Lyrics Of Hate - 1162 Words

IMITOMA Y’URWANGO, OR LANGUAGE LYRICS OF HATE Gilbert Ndahayo PhD French/Francophone Studies Northwestern University ANTHROPOLOGY 378 - LAW, CULTURE AND LANGUAGE Working Proposal Number 1 ï ¿ ¼After its independence in 1962 following the 1959’s Hutu revolution, Rwanda started to recreate its image to assay a new identity. Cultural motifs, historical manipulations and abiding laws were altered and ultimately remade through a new language: a language for the many, spoken by but a few. The French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy questions the â€Å"legal† practices within a society, specifically in societies that produce new languages and cultures of remembrance in â€Å"The Ground of the Image† (Fordam University Press: annotated edition 2005), â€Å"the image of [genocide] is sacred.†(1) To appeal to officially sanctioned history, an anthropologist perspective of the law is a central element in examining how language has been enlisted throughout the past of any civilization. The work of an anthropologist is to examine how the law has interpreted numerous cultural, historical and political events of varying importance. Further: what is deemed important to be studied and interpreted? In this paper, my study focuses on Simon Bikindi, one of the most famous Rwandan singers, and has two principal aspects. First, I will select and translate some of his Imitoma y’Urwango or â€Å"Language Lyrics of Hate† for the reader to well best appreciate the literariness of the language and its nuances. Second, I willShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of The Music Industry1686 Words   |  7 Pages2014). First of all let’s talk about the explicit lyrics with graphic references to sex, drugs, minorities, hate, violence, gays and lesbians that the music industry delivers these days. Should such language be censored or not? Parents are finding it hard to deal with such situation when their children are listening to music they find offensive. This is why Parent Advisory labels was introduced in 1990 to identify music containing explicit lyrics or that including depictions of sex and violence.Read MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination1637 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions that still remain unanswered is as such: Why does racial discrimination still exist? What factors take place within the human mind that might cause feelings of hatred and bigotry? What can result from an individual using racially discriminating language? From times predating even the most notable case of as much, pre-Civil War United States American slavery, discrimination has existed in many different forms throughout world history. To date, there is much debate still about what drove early colonistsRead MoreMusic And Its Influence On Society3041 Words   |  13 Pageshas undoubtedly become a decisive aspect of our culture; embedded in the way we learn and grow on a daily basis. Art forms such as music, television and dance dominate our society as an outlet of freedom of speech for humanity. The evolution of music has rapidly exceeded its original classifications, developing new genres with greater appeal to an audience, hence its influence on society has expedited. In recent times, lyrics (specifically rap lyrics) have been introduced into the court room as aRead MoreRap Music Leads to Crime Should Be Labeled a Deviant Behavior1852 Words   |  8 PagesWe need to impose law and sanction authority upon rap music that is verbally racist, demoralizing and abusive. Rap music has played a huge role in this generation for kids, ages 13 to 18 and has powerfully influenced their thoughts as rock music influenced teenagers in the past. The difference is that a lot of rock music talks about love, political activeness, or sometimes the telling of a simple story. All in all rock music for the most part was not as derogatory as rap music is today. SometimesRead MoreEssay On Nigga1174 Words   |  5 Pagesinformal respelling of the word nigger, a term created in the late 16th century originating from the Latin root niger meaning black, unlucky, or dark Even though the usage of the word was negligent to its true meaning, it still holds a place in our language because of not only wanting to cope with the past but it also is a popular slang term in the rap community. When the term nigga is used by the black community, it is in use of greeting other people of whom can, friends and family. BlackRead MoreMusic Lyrics Today3302 Words   |  14 PagesMusic Lyrics Today A major part of popular music has always involved pushing the boundaries of artistic expression. In the music industry today, artists are pushing the limits of what is acceptable. Who benefits from the use of explicit lyrics in music? One can argue that it is an attempt to drive record sales through sparking controversy, but maybe it is just how the artist fully expresses themself. This fine line that divides vulgarity from artistic expression is an issue that has plagued societyRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Hate Speech Essay3494 Words   |  14 PagesIn order to reduce the astonishing number of hate crimes in the United States, the Federal Government should restrict hate speech, and the expressions of hateful ideas, in all its forms, in all places, both public and private. However, it is imperative that hate speech be defined first. Contrary to some opinions, it is possible to accurately define hate speech, because hate speech does not actually have many elusive forms. Hate speech includes fighting words as defined in Chaplinsky vs. New HampshireRead MoreRape Is A Serious Problem2872 Words   |  12 Pagesaccounts have helped make teenagers and other social network users more aware of rape culture. According to the Marshall University Women’s Center, â€Å"rape culture is an environment in which rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused in the media and popular culture† (â€Å"Women’s Center† marshall.edu page 1). Women believe that rape culture is emphasized through arrogant language, women being objectified by men, the overuse of television sexual violence, and teachingRead MoreIce-T Time Warner Case3468 Words   |  14 PagesClifton Smith Business Ethics Nov. 1, 2012 Ice-T and Time Warner Case Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Ice T s Introduction: This next record is dedicated to some personal friendsRead More Discontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop5489 Words   |  22 PagesDiscontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop In cultures all over the world, music can be seen encompassing many aspects of life for many individuals. It is a form of mass communication thatspeaks directly to society as a cultural form, and often reflects a collection and pattern of personal experiences (King 19). Music is so influential because it communicates on three different levels: the physical, emotional, and cognitive. Not only does it operate in a nondiscursive way, by

Modern day diseases Free Essays

There is something almost contradictory around the idea of man-made diseases. It could easily create images of mad scientists or evil terrorists creating the ultimate In biological weaponry. At this point the conspiracy theorist In all of us starts to wonder about the origin of any number of diseases and we look over our shoulders cautiously to see if Big Brother is standing there. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern day diseases or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, between the conspiracies and the terror campaigns is a fascinating list of diseases that could fit the criteria. Within these there has to be recognition that not all, If any, man-made diseases are created Intentionally and some are more the result f the progress of the species than of any dire plan. 10. Obesity Although It Is more than cause of disease rather than the disease Itself, It Is probably worth recognizing that obesity In the twenty-first century Is the product of a society that has removed, through changing work habits or the provision of convenience, the practices that previously kept it in check. In this way, man has made the basis off plethora of diseases. In the last twenty years, obesity rates in the developed world have virtually doubled. This has had a profound effect on the number of number of people suffering Gall Bladder Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension and Displacement, as well as increasing a number of other health concerns. This has led to obesity being acknowledged as being virtually epidemic in its spread through and impact on the human race. There are those who are genetically disposed to obesity and for these people it remains a condition to be managed. But for the greater part of the Industrialized world, almost a third of all people are afflicted with a disease that is â€Å"caught† through inactivity, poor diet and a lack of awareness. The AIDS virus has been blamed on any number of Institutions, Just as It has on arioso species and continents. While many of us believe that Its eruption and the misery it has caused is similar to other dreadful epidemics, such as the Black Plague, that have afflicted the human race and whose origins have never been fully determined, there are also many who mount strong arguments for human intervention. Comate the human race. However, as it primarily attacked the homosexual community, the ravages of AIDS were mostly limited too minority. Yet it is this limitation that has raised so many questions. Was it a stroke of â€Å"luck† that AIDS began in the gay community? Or was it a planned assault on a sector of the community that offended the establishment? The circumstantial evidence has led theorists to consider the role of the American Government, the World Health Organization and even the Catholic Church as players in a diabolical scheme to rid the world of homosexuals. But as any more substantial proof is not forthcoming, it is difficult to accept that any human could inflict such tragedy on another, let alone on millions. Whether through the volume of voices raised in protest or through the bizarre series of facts that seemed to have fallen into place to see it begin as it did, there is enough injector to consider that AIDS may have been a man-made disease. While there is little, if any, evidence to suggest that Cardiovascular Disease is the product of direct or deliberate intervention by an individual or group of scientists, it must be considered that it incidence has risen dramatically in the light of modern living. This would suggest that, while not exactly man-made, the danger and spread of the disease is clearly attributable to man’s cultural and social progress. Cardiovascular Disease was the cause of less than ten per cent of deaths at the start f the twentieth century, yet today has a role in at least thirty per cent of deaths. Eight out of every ten of deaths from this disease today occur in the developed nations of the world. The causes of Cardiovascular Disease include smoking, high blood pressure, physical inactivity and poor diet. This would suggest that as we have become more prone to stress, as we have lost the need to work in ways that maintain physical effort and as we have been provided with convenient food sources as opposed to healthy ones, we have become more susceptible to this disease. Man has made his life more pleasurable, convenient and comfortable, but has multitudinously made a disease that is growing in its prevalence Viruses can have a debilitating effect on susceptible organisms and when people are sick they have a tendency to look for someone to blame. While it is occasionally satisfying to growl at the dog or snarl at the cat when one isn’t feeling well, the prospect of blaming a pig for a potentially fatal virus offers little comfort. On this basis, a number of broadly termed â€Å"scientifically-minded† people have decided that Swine Flu is a man-made disease. There is a strained, but compelling logic to the argument. Swine Flu is believed to be he result of a combination of four previously identified viruses, a Swine Flu strain from Asia/Europe, North American swine flu, North American avian flu and human different species coming together by accident is incomprehensible, so there must have been human intervention. That is, bitterroot are at work. However, with the speed and ease with which people and animals now move around the world, it is quite possible that a virus could be carried enormous distances by multiple hosts. The high rate of vaccination and immunization that occurs in the general population means that non-symptomatic arises are far more common than was once the case. The sad predicament of the pig in being susceptible to both human and bird diseases, not to mention his own collection of bugs, makes him an effective breeding ground for a huge gathering of virus component. The endpoint being a nasty virus, combining four previously known viruses, that comes from swine, that is the Swine Flu. As neat as this explanation is, the scientists can’t realistically claim to have it all their own way. Their scenario makes sense, but the probabilities behind it must give something to the â€Å"scientifically-minded†. On this basis, the man-made versus quirk of nature argument remains a nil-all draw. Although the polio virus itself is on the brink of extinction worldwide and many governments have been considering the abolition of vaccination against the disease, US researchers were able to add it to the list of man-made diseases in 2002 by â€Å"building† the first synthetic virus based on the genome of the polio virus. That is to say, while the rest of the world celebrated the defeat of a monster, scientists put time and effort into reviving it once again. While there may have been good reason to create the virus, such as studying it to covers the best means of defeating its like in future, the people responsible had a more simplistic motive for their work. The reason they did it was to prove that it can be done. They also admitted that they had achieved the feat by following a recipe that â€Å"they downloaded from the internet† and were able to use gene sequences that they attained from a mail-order service. In answer to criticism that they had made the way clear for terrorists to create new and deadly viruses, the researchers explained that there are only a handful of people who would have the knowledge to carry out the task successfully. But they did advise that all governments should follow the lead of the World Health Organization and stockpile significant quantities of polio vaccine Just in case. As broad as this topic is, by the very nature of the process through which vaccines are made and administered, they must be the most effective and impressive of man- made diseases. The earliest medical practitioners would probably have noticed that those who survived a virus, however nasty (the virus, not the people), were somehow didn’t know how to use this knowledge. The Chinese had a revolting, but clever attempt at harnessing this process in their trudge against smallpox, but it wasn’t until the sass’s that the idea really found an audience in Europe. Now the study and production of vaccines is continually being improved, but the basic procedure remains the same. Simplistically, a virus contains two parts, that which makes us sick and that which contains antigens that stimulate the immune response. By isolating the antigens a vaccine is able to be created that will tell our immune system to build up defenses against a particular virus. Then when the virus reaches us, we already have the defenses in place. How to cite Modern day diseases, Papers

Virtualization for Virtual Machine Monitor -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theVirtualization for Virtual Machine Monitor. Answer: Introduction: Virtualization helps to create multiple platforms in a same physical infrastructure level. The technology, which accounts for virtualization is Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) also called virtual manager, which separates compute environment from the physical level. It virtualizes physical servers in a data centre along with networking, storage and other physical infrastructures. This report mainly focuses on the concept of virtualization and the reasons for its acceptance. In addition, the report also includes literature reviews based on three sources. The analysis of the articles will give light to the solutions provided by the virtualization techniques. Literature Review: The virtualization techniques enable abstractions and share of the infrastructural resources and radio spectrum. This helps the organizations or companies involved in the adoption of the technologies to reduce the costs needed for operations and maintenance. In addition, the use of such technologies can help in migration to newer systems very easily [1]. This is mainly done as the infrastructure is partitioned and the application of a new technology can be applied to one such partition. This reduces the cost involved and saves the time for such implementation. Although the advantages of these technologies are known to many, the research challenges that are faced during implementation are too large. The journal thus references the various issues related to the technologies as well as some advancements that are already in place for the technology. With the increase of applications of technologies in all devices, the need for data center is also increasing. Due to the increase of data, the need to store them is also present in all organizations. This is the main reason for the development of a data center [2]. However, the existing data center of mostly all organizations does not have the necessary requirements for storing the data like the storage, computational power or bandwidth. This is the reason for the development of a virtual data center. The main advantages in accepting the technologies are the cost reduction, better computational power and storage facilities. The sources also references the challenges faced while implementing the solutions. Virtualization of the existing networks is a key requirement for attaining success in the future [3]. The various requirements for such technologies are also include in the sources. The article also discusses the various applications that are in place for the adoption of the virtualization technique. The main emphasis of the article is on software defined networking which is the key requirement for the adoption of virtualization techniques. Critical Analysis: The need for virtualization includes the various parameters like sharing, isolation, aggregation, dynamics and management ease. In case of large infrastructures, the presence of small portions is required for their management. This idea is utilized by virtualization technologies where each processor can run various virtual machines to do different activities at once. This process is used to refer to the sharing functionality of the technology [3]. These small portions are isolated among each other as such one portion cannot monitor the activities of the other. This is used to get the property of abstraction and also references the isolation characteristics of the technology. The next property is the aggregation where a small portion of data can be used to combine with others to create large virtual resources for sharing. This property is known as aggregation. The next property is dynamics where the requirement for re-allocation is often required. This process is also referenced by th e technologies. Lastly, the ease of managing the various virtual data and infrastructure is also another factor include in the resource. The main need for the virtualization technologies is the presence of three parameters namely the flexibility, customizability and programmability [1]. Flexibility refers to the ability of allocating the required resources on each of the virtual machines on the infrastructure. This reduces the need for maintaining each of the virtual machines. Customizability can be stated as the presence of various virtual machines to address to the specific needs of the infrastructure. Lastly, the interface can be programmed to provide the feature of programmability. Case Study: The virtualization technology is used to get various benefits in operations. According to a survey on 2011 by the VMware Oracle, various solutions were required for their use in operations. There were various challenges in the system which was the main cause of hindrance to their operational capabilities. The main problems that were being faced by the company is their increasing cost of operations and maintenance. This was the main problems which was hindering their performance. Due to implementation of the virtual technologies, the scope of the company was increased such they were able to provide better solutions at a rapid scale. The main requirement for the company was to get a disaster mitigation plan to deliver their solutions at a very low cost. The company was also facing server related problems to reference their requirements. . Even after the application of the technology, the compaby was getting network congestions. Solutions: For knowing the details of a server, the main architecture, cost and the various other parameters can take up much time for the allocation of a single server. This is the main reason for the implementation of a virtual server. It can be used to setup in the system in a very less time. This is the main solution of the company where the various mitigations to the problems faced are referenced [6]. However, the main problem that was faced was the lack of policies and standards in the company. That was also another problem whose solution was referenced by the introduction of the virtualization technologies. The presence of various standards and policies were used to reference the requirements. The next problem is the congestion in the network traffic. It can be seen that a server has space to run a great number of virtual machines but in reality it is not usually possible. It is always seen that the existence of a various amount of virtual sources in a system usually increases the congestion in the network. The solution to this problem was the implementation of gigabit Ethernet cables [8]. This was done to support the main network congestions. After such applications, the main operations were smoothened due to the application of such solutions. The next problem of the company was the reduction in the performance. This is doen in the traditional networks when a large amount of physical devices are being run in a single platform. This is generally the cause of failures where the crashing of one system can lead to the disruption of work in the other devices. Although, the effect will not be great, the time needed for restarting the systems are to be considered. This problem was also referenced by the use of virtual technologies. This idea is utilized by virtualization technologies where each processor can run various virtual machines to do different activities at once. This process is used to refer to the sharing functionality of the technology [9]. These small portions are isolated among each other as such one portion cannot monitor the activities of the other. In cases like this, the affected node of one system does not affect the whole system and thus operations is continued without any hindrances. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis that the presence of such technologies is a great way to address the requirements of a business organizations or companies involved. Thus, it can be seen that the wide scope of virtualization in IT industry is a required if the overall cost is needed to be decreased. Efficiency and better management can also be provided by virtualization technologies. The virtual machine is a software architecture implied as hardware because of its ease of standardizing and control. Similarly, the virtual appliance extends its usage statistics over software appliances based on their ability to control and ease of access. References: [1] Liang, Chengchao, and F. Richard Yu. "Wireless network virtualization: A survey, some research issues and challenges."IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials17, no. 1, 2015: 358-380. [2] Bari, Md Faizul, Raouf Boutaba, Rafael Esteves, Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville, Maxim Podlesny, Md Golam Rabbani, Qi Zhang, and Mohamed Faten Zhani. "Data center network virtualization: A survey."IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials15, no. 2, 2013: 909-928. [3] Jain, Raj, and Subharthi Paul. "Network virtualization and software defined networking for cloud computing: a survey."IEEE Communications Magazine51, no. 11, 2013: 24-31. [4] Drutskoy, Dmitry, Eric Keller, and Jennifer Rexford. "Scalable network virtualization in software-defined networks."IEEE Internet Computing17, no. 2, 2013: 20-27. [5] Astete, Nicholas Luis, Aaron Benjamin Brethorst, Joseph Michael Goldberg, Matthew Hanlon, Anthony A. Hutchinson, Gopalakrishnan Janakiraman, Alexander Kotelnikov et al. "Multitenant hosted virtual machine infrastructure." U.S. Patent 8,473,594, issued June 25, 2013. [6] Bugnion, Edouard, Scott Devine, Mendel Rosenblum, Jeremy Sugerman, and Edward Y. Wang. "Bringing virtualization to the x86 architecture with the original vmware workstation."ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)30, no. 4, 2012: 12. [7] Felter, Wes, Alexandre Ferreira, Ram Rajamony, and Juan Rubio. "An updated performance comparison of virtual machines and linux containers." InPerformance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), 2015 IEEE International Symposium On, pp. 171-172. IEEE, 2015. [8] Friedman, Nathaniel, and Miguel De Icaza. "System and method for inspecting a virtual appliance runtime environment." U.S. Patent 8,209,288, issued June 26, 2012. [9] Plouffe, Jerry, Scott H. Davis, Alexander D. Vasilevsky, Benjamin J. Thomas III, Steven S. Noyes, and Tom Hazel. "Distributed virtual machine monitor for managing multiple virtual resources across multiple physical nodes." U.S. Patent 8,776,050, issued July 8, 2014. [10] Shkurkin, Dmitry, Vladimir Novikov, Iskandar Kobersy, Issa Kobersy, and Anna Borisova. "Investigation of the scope of intellectual services in the aspect of virtualization and information economy of modern Russia."Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences6, no. 5 S3, 2015: 217.

Aboriginal People Trauma

Introduction In accordance to Canadian national census that was carried out in 1995, it was found that Aboriginals constituted about 1,016,335 people who roughly translated into about 3.8% of the total Canadian population (Statistics Canada, 1995 cited in Edwards and Edwards, 1998). The main sub-groups that make up Aboriginal community are North American Indians, Mà ©tis, and Inuit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aboriginal People Trauma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More North American Indians are registered under the Indian Act while Mà ©tis occupy the western province of the country and are as a result of inter-marriage between French Canadians and Indian women. However, Mà ©tis on overall has not been integrated into Euro-Canadian culture (Edwards and Edwards, 1998). Lastly, Inuit constitute racially and culturally distinct group from Indians and are not covered by the Indian Act (Edwards and Edwards, 1998) . Within the jurisdictions of Canada, evidences are numerous that social and economic conditions for Aboriginals are far behind as compared to other Canadian groups. In a report that was prepared by the Royal Commission, it was identified that Aboriginals are more likely to face â€Å"inadequate nutrition, substandard housing and sanitation, unemployment and poverty, discrimination and racism, violence, inappropriate or absent services, and subsequent high rates of physical, social and emotional illness, injury, disability and premature death† (Barth, 2008, p.104). Many social studies and indicators that have been carried in Canada indicate that Aboriginals in the entire country occupy lower socio-economic levels as compared to other groups of Canada (Barth, 2008). For instance, in 1991, when the overall unemployment in the country stood at 9.9%, for Aboriginals, it was 24.6% (Barth, 2008). Aboriginals who rely on social-welfare assistance are estimated to be 41.1% as compare d to 8.1% of the general Canadian population (Barth, 2008). Moreover, only 3% of Aboriginals have been able to graduate from University as compared to 12% of the non-Aboriginal groups (Barth, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the Aboriginals, infant mortality rate is 2-3 times more than of the rest population while life expectancy for Aboriginals is 10% lower that the general population of Canada (Barth, 2008). Family violence among the Aboriginals is one of the highest estimated to be 80 percent and out of this 87% of women experience physical injury while 57 percent are victims of sexual abuse (Barth, 2008). Royal Commission Report on Aboriginal suicide has correlated the numerous suicidal incidences among Aboriginals to mental illness, family problems, socio-economic factors and cultural stress (Barth, 2008). Aboriginal constitute a group that has undergone and ex perienced historical injustices since the days of colonialism. As it was evidenced in the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginals, trauma among this population is associated to historical physical, emotional, and psychological torture that was met on Aboriginals. Surprisingly, these actions were ‘institutionalized’ in that key government agencies and structures participated in either formulating or implementing policies to injury the Aboriginals. Motivated by these historical events in the lives of Aboriginals this research paper intends to investigate and explore the issue of Trauma among Aboriginals: how it originated, how it was facilitated, the impacts manifested through transgenerational; transfer of trauma and how the current policy-programs intends to address the issue of trauma among these people. Methodology to be employed will largely be of literature review using both primary and secondary sources in terms of information and relevant statistical data. C olonialism and Aboriginal land issue When the colonialist invaded the Aboriginal land, theirs was a quest for land as it was deemed a vital economic resource. They violated the Aboriginal understanding of land as a resource. For the Aboriginals, strong ties were attached to the land and for them land not only was a source of sustenance but was also part of their culture and spirituality (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aboriginal People Trauma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequent resistances by Aboriginals were met with harsh reactions from the colonialist where at the same time the colonists violated the treaties they had signed with Aboriginals. These colonialist behaviors saw Aboriginals separated from their lands; they were driven to isolated reserves. In general, Aboriginals became ‘homeless’ in their land. What was to follow in the fu ture decades was horrible; Aboriginals became victims of torture, they were forced to abandon their families, their culture and their identity and in subsequent they were required to adopt the ‘civilized’ culture through education and religion. Assimilation became the guise in which systematic torture against the Aboriginals took place, tendencies to exterminate them became widely acknowledged and approved, the institution of law and other critical protection institutions became part of this broad scheme to eliminate the Aboriginals (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Religion, the only hope to go to in times of sorrow was not left behind, in fact, clergymen and priests became the instruments in which systematic torture of Aboriginals took place; in wider sense, the clergymen became killers, torturers, and rapists (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). They intentionally infected innocent young Aboriginals with diseases through the board ing school systems and hospitals, which were largely run and managed by churches (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). In short, Aboriginal historical injustices came from all corners of the society; it was as if everyone was determined to eliminate them. Intergenerational trauma among the Aboriginals Aboriginals remain a community characterized by a history of negative treatment. This has largely been fostered through policies and programs that in their content formulation reflected an ambition to culturally suppress, oppress, and marginalize Aboriginals. The result of these has been risk factors that have accompanied the Aboriginals since ever (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). More so, these policies and programmes in implementation have aspired to neutralize the protective factors that for a long time formed natural part of traditional Aboriginal cultures. The lethal and mental disease that Aboriginals have been subjected to has been intergenerati onal trauma.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intergenerational trauma constitutes transmission of emotional injuries from one generation to the next and the transfer of the trauma occurs at interpersonal level (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Main actors are parents who pass it to their children that in most cases may take place at intergenerational level from a generation of parents to a generation of children (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). When a large group or numbers of people become victims of this, the impact further affects larger group or community (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Intergenerational trauma among the Aboriginals is associated with harsh historical events in their lives. For instance authors Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo (2010) note that Aboriginals as the people have been victims who have experienced significant number of losses for a relative long period of time in which majority of Aboriginals have been forced to under unwilling radica l changes and displacements as a result of colonization and aggressive Federal assimilative policies. Accounting how the Aboriginals have been victims of historical losses the author observes that the group has lost many things that formed part of their lives and note that Aboriginals have lost their land, their language, their cherished culture, and their overall spiritual life (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Further, Aboriginals are seen to have greatly lost their traditional strong families and family ties. Their population has reduced through early and intentional deaths. They have lost their traditional revered virtues of respect, and trust and painfully have lost respect for the elders of the community’s elders. To Aboriginals elders constitute the source of the community’s wisdom, culture, identity and continuity has been lost (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The effect of these losses among the Aboriginals has, in turn, cont ributed to acceleration of higher percentages of numerous emotional and behavioral problems. Today, majority of Aboriginals experience prevalent instances of feelings of sadness, shame, anxiety, loss of concentration, isolation from other people, loss of sleep, and enormous rage (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The current generation of the Aboriginals remembers this events and happenings as if they happened yesterday, and they are purely fresh in their minds a situation that has led to problems with coping strategies (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). Observation made is that coping difficulties among the victims has largely resulted in overwhelming feelings of fear, anxiety, and helplessness that in turn has led to deviant behaviors such as high rates of alcoholism, family discord and high rates of suicide (Crooks, Chiodo, Thomas, Burns and Camillo, 2010). The Indian Act of 1876 and creation of residential schools This is the act that was publishe d as a public and government policy, which aimed at establishing and instituting the federal government as the ‘guardian’ of the Aboriginal people (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). As a result of this act, there followed widespread establishment of artificial settlement for the Aboriginals where at the same time there was wide segregation of Aboriginals into groups that were only defined by authorities outside existing community networks (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Within the segregated communities the government went ahead and created authorities together with hierarchy and decision-making authorities which in great measure did not respect or recognize traditional values and practices of the Aboriginal people (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). The act, in essence, perpetuated unstable and inequitable programming and delivery of support services largely to Aboriginals who lived off-reserves and in urban ar eas. The act through its tendency to create artificial separations and introduction of external control over relations between family members largely within Aboriginal communities and across people, the act effectively and in systematic way isolated community members from one another (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). What was evident with this act was the fact that the Canadian government instituted mechanisms, including the religious institutions to pursue ‘efforts’ of transforming and assimilating the Aboriginal communities. As such, between 1840 and 1983, over 100,000 Aboriginal children were put in the residential school system and the intention was to carry out assimilation, segregation, and integration of the Aboriginals into mainstream Canadian society (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). The overall characteristics of this act was that Aboriginal children were separated from their families for a long period of time and as a r esult the children ended up losing their language, culture, and spiritual beliefs as well as a sense of belonging to a family or kinship network (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). At the same time, what became notable in these residential schools as prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse which majority of these children had to undergo (Hulchanski, Campsie, Chau, Hwang and Paradis, 2009). Aboriginal mistreatment: Is it a case of genocide? Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada asserted in its report that, â€Å"unlike post-war Germans, Canadians have yet to acknowledge, let alone repent from, the genocide that we inflicted on millions of conquered people: the Aboriginal men, women and children who were deliberately exterminated by our racially supremacist churches and state† (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001, p5.). The expression of these words is that Aboriginals still arch from injustices that were done on them. They st ill ‘bleed’ internally from many injuries they received and they still cry for their loved ones; their fathers, their mothers, their daughters together with their sons. Nobody is yet to account and apologize for the losses of their relatives, their friends, and just anyone who was close to them. Indeed Aboriginal still moan their lost culture, their lost identity, their lost spirituality, and their lost sense of belonging. The report does not mince its words; somebody needs to say sorry to these people. People just go on with their businesses as if nothing happened, as if what happened was normal and the overall picture is that Aboriginals still gnaw in pain and trauma (The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada, 2001). Comparative evidence shows that what was done to the Aboriginals translated into genocide, although some writers and analysts have tried to refute this fact. Geneva Convection on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, defines genocide as, â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious groups, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Further, it constitutes deliberate infliction on the group’s conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group† (Gutman and Rieff, 1999 cited in Vetlesen, 2005, p.15). According to the author, genocide is not just manifested in physical suffering but also could be experienced through actions to strip a particular group their cultural identity or aspects (Gutman and Rieff, 1999 cited in Vetlesen, 2005, p.15). In prescribing punishment for genocide activities, the Geneva Convection stated that punishment would be executed against those: who conspired to commit genocide; direct and public incitement to commit genocide; attempts to commit genocide; and complicity in genocide (Vetlesen, 2005). Traumatic experiences in residential schools Boarding school era started with the establishment of the Office of Indian Affairs that was later renamed Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and BIA became part of the War Department, which became responsible in regulating tribes in the country (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). On her part, Laura Pedro observes that Aboriginal contact with residential schools started with recruitment of about 10,000 Aboriginal children into the government-funded, church-run boarding schools and according to the author, this formed one of the darkest incidental histories in the lives of both Aboriginals and Canadian histories (Pedro, 2009). Immediately, BIA took up the role of providing education to the Aboriginals under its theme of ‘Civilization Division’ and boarding schools became a solution to what had been termed as ‘Indi an problem’ (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). According to the authors, the establishment of these schools and the subsequent recruitment of students of Aboriginal original marked the long journey of teaching Aboriginals ways of civilization, which to them centered on teaching Aboriginals the dominant cultural values, language, and style of dress (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). As reality would dawn in the schools the Aboriginals became victims of thorough beatings in order to discourage them from speaking their native languages, children were separated from their families and their communities sometimes for many years and they were largely raised without the benefit of culturally normative role models (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The establishment of these schools was done between the collaboration of the Canadian government and Christian churches of different denominations, and the aim of the two institutions was rooted in the ‘civilization mission’. Characteristically these sc hools were located far away from the indigenous communities; and in the words of Hamilton (2009), this was done to, â€Å"caught young to be saved from what is, on the whole, the degenerating influence of their home environment† (p.37). The government given support by the church used force to remove Aboriginal children from their communities to be enrolled in the schools and those parents who resisted were threatened with legal sanctions. Upon being admitted in these schools, the children at no instances were required to speak their native languages. Further, they were not expected to wear Aboriginal clothes or engage in any form of community or cultural practice. In the end, the children did not get the education they were promised. Instead, they were subjected to systematic abuse and neglect (Hamilton, 2009). Residential schools turned out to be avenues of racialized beliefs centering on inadequacy of Aboriginal people cultures and the schools became devoted to eradicating inferior cultures among the Aboriginals and in the process changing them (Hamilton, 2009). One famous historian described this whole experience of residential schools by noting that, â€Å"In thought and deed the establishment of this school system was an act of profound cruelty rooted in non-Aboriginal pride and intolerance and in the certitude and insularity of purported cultural superiority† (cited in Hamilton, 2009, p.38) According to USA official, the motivation behind the establishment of residential schools was the desire of Canada’s society to promote ‘self-sufficiency’ among the indigenous population (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). The intention further incorporated Canada’s desires to zero in and facilitate systematic attack on traditional Indian religion and cultural practices and it was evident that the dominion purpose was that assimilation. Experience in these schools was traumatic as some survivors of the system would describe and the r esult was a forceful transformation of the Aboriginals to adopt Euro-Canadian culture and way of lives against their wishes (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). In his book titled, ‘First Nations, Residential Schools, and the Americanization of the Holocaust’ the author MacDonald David refutes the fact that genocidal activities took place in these schools. However, the author is of the view that this school system resulted into huge traumatic experiences to the Aboriginals, where the system in totality had damaging cultural, psychosocial, and economic intergenerational impact on Aboriginal peoples (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). The author’s stand is that although there was severe cultural harm to these people, they largely do not amount to genocide (Totten and Hitchcock, 2010). From the work of this author, one point that comes out clearly is the fact that there were psychological legacies of atrocities directed against Aboriginals in these boarding schools. Describing t he experience in these residential schools Wilfrid Rymhs in his book ‘From the iron house: imprisonment in First Nations writing’ observes that they were established on totally different cultural values as compared to the British public schools or North America private school. Generally, the residential schools for the Aboriginals operated and functioned within an aggressive colonizing agenda where the schools produced an experience that was distinct and for later years, the subsequent generations would become victims of the cultural damage the institutions left and formed among the Aboriginal communities (Rymhs, 2008). It is estimated that between 1870 and 1970, about 40 percent of all aboriginal school-aged children were placed in boarding schools and what came to characterize this school was wide evidences of poor conditions. These poor conditions manifested in many ways such as neglect, and abuse and the blame is bestowed on the Church and the Canadian Government (R ymhs, 2008). The author notes that the factor that contributed to creation of disastrous experience in these schools was based on the inherent racism that existed at the time towards the Aboriginals. In this category, the teachers, staff, government officials, clergies, and even Canadian citizens disregarded the Aboriginals and to them these people could not be treated in equal measure like the Euro-Canadian citizens (Pedro, 2009). The overall conviction among these residential schools was that there was need to give the Aboriginals some form of paternalistic education in order for them to become civilized. To achieve goals of civilization violence became part of the process for the Aboriginal students as the author put it, â€Å"the mantra behind the entire education system was to kill the Indian in the child† (Pedro, 2009, p.11). Apart from being avenues where abuses took place on aggravated level both physical, emotional and psychological, residential school was further se en to be poorly equipped and maintained both in terms o physical infrastructure and human resource personnel. Comparative evidence shows that these schools had inadequate doctors, inspectors, and government officials to carry out inspections and supervision of the institutions’ programs (Pedro, 2009). Further reports of overcrowding, poor building conditions, poor sanitation and ventilation, inadequate food, diseases such as tuberculosis, and inadequate health services constituted intertwined factors that led to high numbers of deaths in these schools (Pedro, 2009). Impact of Residential School to Aboriginals State of Mind The aftermath of residential schools to the Aboriginal population has drawn mixed reactions while a small percentage has hailed the system claiming that it had great impact to their lives (Pedro, 2009, p.11). On the other hand, larger group has discredited the system claiming that it resulted into harmful effects that even it becomes hard to recognize the p ositives (Pedro, 2009, p.11). Starting from 1980s, evidence of crude conditions and impacts of residential schools started to emerge and numerous health problems were identified to be the product of abuses that took place in these schools. Majority of Aboriginal children in these schools suffered all kinds of abuse the major one being the emotional stress of being isolated from the family, community and culture (Pedro, 2009, p.11). The entire system of Aboriginal traditional society was upset as children left their homes without further learning the community’s culture, values, spiritual aspects and anything that pertained to the community. Cultural dislocation for the Aboriginal children became the norm and the long-lasting effects of this cannot be imagined widely manifested through loss of language, culture, familial bonds, exposure to physical, mental, and sexual abuses. Due to lack of supervision in these schools, Aboriginal children were subjected to extreme punishment facilitated through physical violence, verbal assault, racist insults, and general humiliation (Pedro, 2009). Those who managed to survive these harsh conditions returned home totally ‘different’ people. In essence, the children outside were Aboriginals and inside they were ‘white’. Many of them could not comprehend their language leave alone the whole culture. Children appeared strange to their parents and to the society in general. More so, the harsh, abusive, and oppressive system they had gone through made majority of returnee to resort to alcohol and drug abuse as coping mechanism to relieve their detachment from their community as well as their memories of abuse (Pedro, 2009). The former student even after a prolonged stay in the community exhibited at least one or more symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder that in most cases included â€Å"depression, panic attacks, insomnia, uncontrollable anger, alcohol and drug abuse, sexual inadequacy or ad diction, the inability to form intimate relationships, and even eating disorders† (Pedro, 2009, pp 11-12.). The Present Aboriginal Trauma Problem Historical and previous experiences cannot be divorced from the current state of the Aboriginal mental problems. The Aboriginals harbor unresolved grief which has become accustomed to passage to the successive generations (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The two authors note that the first generation of Aboriginals who were victims of direct abuses and subsequent looses suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the manifestation of this disorder include depression, hypervigilance, anxiety, and sometimes substance abuse (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). What is evident is that PTSD has been passed on from one generation to the next among the Aboriginals. Most Aboriginal are believed to suffer from unresolved historical grief and just like any other communities that have undergone historical abuse Aboriginals are entitled to a pervasive sense of pain from what befell their grandparents and their community and what remains among them is incomplete mourning of those losses (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Today’s Aboriginals are victims of high rates of suicide and subsequent studies that have been done point that the suicide incidences among this population has positive correlation to the implicit unresolved, fixated, or anticipatory grief about perceived abandonment as well as affiliated cultural disruption (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Numerous statistics shows that the present Aboriginal generation has been subjected to recurring traumatic losses especially of relatives and other community members through alcohol-related accidents, homicide and suicide while at the same time domestic violence among Aboriginals are one of the highest in the country (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Deaths are frequent among the Aboriginals leaving people mourning from the last loss as they face the most recent one and these patterns of prese nt losses together with significant trauma of the past have become responsible to the accelerated anguish, psychological numbing, and destructive coping mechanisms that are related to unresolved grief and historical trauma (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further oppression Among the Aboriginals is still evident today, particularly fostered through spiritual persecution. Today emergence of ‘New Age’ imitations of traditional Aboriginal spiritual practices is causing a lot of trauma where insensitive and opportunistic non-Aboriginal traditional healers have sprouted in large numbers and their actions largely reflect actions or intentions to corrupt and aim to profit from stereotypic distortions of traditional ceremonies. Such behaviors are viewed to be assault to the Aboriginals and major source of modern trauma as experiences of the past become manifested and repeated. Alcohol abuse is prevalent among the Aboriginals and estimates show that it is about 5.5 times that of the na tional average (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Role models for drinking behavior for a long time have been associated with pathological and correlate to violence and it is an aspect of behavior Aboriginals have become accustomed to. Alcoholism behaviors among Aboriginals are associated with generational unresolved trauma and grief and the two authors, Heart and DeBruyn (n.d) note that â€Å"With the introduction of the reservation system, a colonized people lost control of their land, culture, and way of life. Further explanation of Aboriginal alcoholism should be within the precepts of self-destructive act often associated with depression as an outcome of internalized aggression, internalized oppression, and unresolved grief and trauma† (p.70). Further, it is noted that the accelerating levels of suicide, depression, homicide, domestic violence, and child abuse among the Aboriginals can be associated with processes of internalized oppression and identification with the oppressor a nd motivated by historical forces. Conclusion Addressing trauma among the Aboriginals Clinical activist strategies have been recommended by numerous researchers to constitute the best and most appropriate strategies in dealing with the issue of trauma among the Aboriginals (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). This is a model that has processes that encourage grieving historical trauma, and individuals are presented with the opportunity to go on with the healing processes through individual, group and family therapy as well as personal spiritual developments strategies (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). At the same suggestion is made for the Aboriginals to take part in facilitating communal grief rituals while at the same time incorporating and participating in traditional practices (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further, some programs within the same dimensions are incorporating community elders and instances of storytelling teaching skills about the Aboriginal community history to the young people that hav e the capacity to serve as avenue of creating historical awareness and knowledge to the people of this community. Effective healing for majority of traumatized individuals in this community is seen to originate from the role extended kin networks perform especially in providing support to identity formation, sense of belonging, recognition of shared history and the general survival of the group (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). Further, working with Jewish victims of Holocaust Fogelman (1988) note that, it is essential to develop specialized intervention programs that are built with a focus of resolving the general communal grief (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). At the same time, there is need for mental clinicians working with the affected people to develop appropriate and training programs to address the various problems (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). The author concludes by noting that for perfect and long-term historical grief resolution there should be communal support, strength, identity, and the overall maintenance or replacement of extended family networks together with the response mechanisms to facilitate processes of addressing unresolved grief (Heart and DeBruyn, n.d). References Barth, W. K. (2008). On cultural rights: the equality of nations and the minority legal tradition. New York: BRILL. Crooks, C. V., Chiodo, D., Thomas, D., Burns, S. and Camillo, C. (2010). Engaging and Empowering Aboriginal Youth: A Tookit for Service Providers. Ontario: Trafford Publishing. Edwards, J. R. and Edwards, J. (1998). Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hamilton, J. A. (2009). Indigeneity in the courtroom: law, culture, and the production of difference in North American courts. NY: Taylor Francis. Heart, M. Y. and DeBruyn, L. M. (N.d). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing Historical Unresolved Grief. (Attached notes). Hulchanski, J. D., Campsie, P., Chau, S. B. Y., Hwang, S. W. and Paradis, E. (2009). Homelessness: What is in a Word? Ontario: Homeless Hub . Pedro, L. (2009). Tragedy into Art: The Canadian Aboriginal Residential School Experience Expressed through Fiction. Web. Rymhs, D. (2008). From the iron house: imprisonment in First Nations writing. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Totten, S. and Hitchcock, R. (2010). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: Genocide: a Critical Bibliographic Review. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. The Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada. (2001). Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust. (Attached notes). Vetlesen, A. J. (2005). Evil and human agency: understanding collective evildoing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Aboriginal People Trauma was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Banishment of Chinese Lepers essays

The Banishment of Chinese Lepers essays The banishment of Chinese lepers to D'Arcy Island was an incorrect decision based on both ignorance and racial prejudice. The conflict between the Chinese lepers and the government could have been solved better, in a different way. The Chinese lepers were treated very poorly, violating their basic civil rights. The government of both Victoria and Canada turned a blind eye upon the Chinese, and leprosy in Canada. Ignorance among Canadians was a major factor in the mistreating of the Chinese lepers. People knew very little of leprosy and believed that even being near a leper gave them the chance of contracting the disease themselves. In fact, only 10% of the Canadian population in the late 1800s had any chance of contracting leprosy. Little research was done on this disease, mostly due to fear, and all lepers that were discovered were immediately shunned and shipped away. Racial prejudice toward all those who were not British was also a factor in the poor treatment of the lepers. Plus, most of the lepers discovered in Canada were Chinese immigrants. The British thought of the Chinese as inferior, and treated them very poorly. Many of the Chinese were unemployed and lived in very poor conditions, the perfect breeding ground for a disease like leprosy, after that, all Chinese immigrants were checked for leprosy, and treated poorly. The leper colony on D'Arcy Island was found upon racism and prejudice. British Canadians diagnosed with leprosy were sent to Tracadie, NB. There was a hospital there for lepers. Resident nurses, doctors, and cooks treated the white lepers. But the Chinese lepers sent to D'Arcy Island had to face very poor living conditions. Crates of supplies were brought over once every three months, and the doctor who came did brief examinations, only staying to count the remaining lepers. Even Chinese lepers found in Toronto and Montreal were shipped to D'Arcy Island, even though Tracadie was much clos...